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gateway/knowledge/trading/strategies/stocks/value.md

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+---
+description: "Buys stocks with high Book-to-Price ratios (cheap) and shorts stocks with low Book-to-Price ratios (expensive), exploiting the empirical value premium."
+tags: [stocks, value]
+---
+
+# Value
+
+**Section**: 3.3 | **Asset Class**: Stocks | **Type**: Value
+
+## Overview
+The value strategy follows the same long-winner/short-loser structure as momentum strategies, but the selection criterion is a value metric rather than past returns. The most common value metric is the Book-to-Price (B/P) ratio. Stocks with high B/P are considered "cheap" (value stocks) and tend to outperform; stocks with low B/P are "expensive" (growth stocks) and tend to underperform.
+
+## Construction / Signal
+The primary signal is the Book-to-Price ratio:
+
+```
+B/P = Book value per share outstanding / Current stock price
+```
+
+Note: the B/P ratio is equivalent to the Book-to-Market ratio where "Market" is market capitalization (price × shares outstanding) rather than total book value.
+
+Stocks are sorted by B/P in descending order. A zero-cost (dollar-neutral) portfolio is constructed by buying top-decile stocks (high B/P, cheap) and shorting bottom-decile stocks (low B/P, expensive).
+
+## Entry / Exit Rules
+- **Entry**: Buy top-decile stocks by B/P; short bottom-decile stocks by B/P.
+- **Exit**: Hold for 1–6 months; rebalance periodically as book values are updated (typically quarterly with earnings releases).
+- **Portfolio**: Dollar-neutral long/short construction.
+
+## Key Parameters
+- **Value metric**: B/P ratio (Book-to-Price = Book-to-Market)
+- **Holding period**: Typically 1–6 months
+- **Price definition**: Asness, Moskowitz and Pedersen (2013) use current (most up-to-date) prices; Fama and French (1992) use prices contemporaneous with the book value
+
+## Variations
+- **Alternative value metrics**: Earnings-to-Price (E/P), Sales-to-Price, Cash Flow-to-Price, Dividend Yield
+- **Price timing**: Current price vs. price at book value date changes the B/P ratio and can affect performance
+- **Long-only**: Buy only top-decile value stocks
+
+## Notes
+- The value premium is a well-documented anomaly (Fama and French three-factor model).
+- Value and momentum are empirically negatively correlated, making them natural complements in a multifactor portfolio (see Section 3.6).
+- Holding period is typically 1–6 months.
+- Book value data lags the market; stale book values can introduce noise.
+- Value strategies can suffer extended drawdowns during "growth" regimes.